Vue2 提供了一系列全局API，用于配置框架行为、注册全局资源等。本文将深入探讨Vue2全局API的实现原理和内部机制。

全局API概述

Vue2 的全局API主要包括：

• Vue.component: 注册或获取组件
• Vue.directive: 注册或获取指令
• Vue.filter: 注册或获取过滤器
• Vue.use: 使用插件
• Vue.mixin: 全局混入
• Vue.extend: 构造子类
• Vue.set/Vue.delete: 响应式数据操作
• Vue.nextTick: 异步更新队列
• Vue.compile: 模板编译

全局API初始化

Vue的全局API是在框架初始化时添加到Vue构造函数上的：

// src/core/index.js
import { initGlobalAPI } from './global-api/index'

// 初始化全局API
initGlobalAPI(Vue)

// src/core/global-api/index.js
export function initGlobalAPI (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  // config
  const configDef = {}
  configDef.get = () => config
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    configDef.set = () => {
      warn(
        'Do not replace the Vue.config object, set individual fields instead.'
      )
    }
  }
  Object.defineProperty(Vue, 'config', configDef)

  // exposed util methods.
  // NOTE: these are not considered part of the public API - avoid relying on
  // them unless you are aware of the risk.
  Vue.util = {
    warn,
    extend,
    mergeOptions,
    defineReactive
  }

  Vue.set = set
  Vue.delete = del
  Vue.nextTick = nextTick

  // 2.6 explicit observable API
  Vue.observable = <T>(obj: T): T => {
    observe(obj)
    return obj
  }

  Vue.options = Object.create(null)
  ASSET_TYPES.forEach(type => {
    Vue.options[type + 's'] = Object.create(null)
  })

  // this is used to identify the "base" constructor to extend all plain-object
  // components with in Weex's multi-instance scenarios.
  Vue.options._base = Vue

  extend(Vue.options.components, builtInComponents)

  initUse(Vue)
  initMixin(Vue)
  initExtend(Vue)
  initAssetRegisters(Vue)
}

插件系统 (Vue.use)

Vue.use 用于安装插件，其实现如下：

// src/core/global-api/use.js
export function initUse (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  Vue.use = function (plugin: Function | Object) {
    const installedPlugins = (this._installedPlugins || (this._installedPlugins = []))
    if (installedPlugins.indexOf(plugin) > -1) {
      return this
    }

    // additional parameters
    const args = toArray(arguments, 1)
    args.unshift(this)
    if (typeof plugin.install === 'function') {
      plugin.install.apply(plugin, args)
    } else if (typeof plugin === 'function') {
      plugin.apply(null, args)
    }
    installedPlugins.push(plugin)
    return this
  }
}

混入选项 (Vue.mixin)

Vue.mixin 用于全局混入选项，影响所有后续创建的Vue实例：

// src/core/global-api/mixin.js
export function initMixin (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  Vue.mixin = function (mixin: Object) {
    this.options = mergeOptions(this.options, mixin)
    return this
  }
}

// src/core/util/options.js
export function mergeOptions (
  parent: Object,
  child: Object,
  vm?: Component
): Object {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    checkComponents(child)
  }

  if (typeof child === 'function') {
    child = child.options
  }

  normalizeProps(child, vm)
  normalizeInject(child, vm)
  normalizeDirectives(child)

  // Apply extends and mixins from the constructor options
  if (!child._base) {
    if (child.extends) {
      parent = mergeOptions(parent, child.extends, vm)
    }
    if (child.mixins) {
      for (let i = 0, l = child.mixins.length; i < l; i++) {
        parent = mergeOptions(parent, child.mixins[i], vm)
      }
    }
  }

  const options = {}
  let key
  for (key in parent) {
    mergeField(key)
  }
  for (key in child) {
    if (!hasOwn(parent, key)) {
      mergeField(key)
    }
  }
  function mergeField (key) {
    const strat = strats[key] || defaultStrat
    options[key] = strat(parent[key], child[key], vm, key)
  }
  return options
}

/**
 * Hooks and props are merged as arrays.
 */
function mergeHook (
  parentVal: ?Array<Function>,
  childVal: ?Function | ?Array<Function>
): ?Array<Function> {
  const res = childVal
    ? parentVal
      ? parentVal.concat(childVal)
      : Array.isArray(childVal)
        ? childVal
        : [childVal]
    : parentVal
  return res
    ? dedupeHooks(res)
    : res
}

function dedupeHooks (hooks) {
  const res = []
  for (let i = 0; i < hooks.length; i++) {
    if (res.indexOf(hooks[i]) === -1) {
      res.push(hooks[i])
    }
  }
  return res
}

LIFECYCLE_HOOKS.forEach(hook => {
  strats[hook] = mergeHook
})

组件扩展 (Vue.extend)

Vue.extend 用于创建一个子类，前面已经在组件系统文档中详细介绍过，这里再次展示其完整实现：

// src/core/global-api/extend.js
export function initExtend (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  /**
   * Each instance constructor, including Vue, has a unique
   * cid. This enables us to create wrapped "child
   * constructors" for prototypal inheritance and cache them.
   */
  Vue.cid = 0
  let cid = 1

  /**
   * Class inheritance
   */
  Vue.extend = function (extendOptions: Object): Function {
    extendOptions = extendOptions || {}
    const Super = this
    const SuperId = Super.cid
    const cachedCtors = extendOptions._Ctor || (extendOptions._Ctor = {})
    if (cachedCtors[SuperId]) {
      return cachedCtors[SuperId]
    }

    const name = extendOptions.name || Super.options.name
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && name) {
      validateComponentName(name)
    }

    const Sub = function VueComponent (options) {
      this._init(options)
    }
    Sub.prototype = Object.create(Super.prototype)
    Sub.prototype.constructor = Sub
    Sub.cid = cid++
    Sub.options = mergeOptions(
      Super.options,
      extendOptions
    )
    Sub['super'] = Super

    // For props and computed properties, we define the proxy getters on
    // the Vue instances at extension time, on the extended prototype. This
    // avoids Object.defineProperty calls for each instance created.
    if (Sub.options.props) {
      initProps(Sub)
    }
    if (Sub.options.computed) {
      initComputed(Sub)
    }

    // allow further extension/mixin/plugin usage
    Sub.extend = Super.extend
    Sub.mixin = Super.mixin
    Sub.use = Super.use

    // create asset registers, so extended classes
    // can have their private assets too.
    ASSET_TYPES.forEach(function (type) {
      Sub[type] = Super[type]
    })
    // enable recursive self-lookup
    if (name) {
      Sub.options.components[name] = Sub
    }

    // keep a reference to the super options at extension time.
    // later at instantiation we can check if Super's options have
    // been updated.
    Sub.superOptions = Super.options
    Sub.extendOptions = extendOptions
    Sub.sealedOptions = extend({}, Sub.options)

    // cache constructor
    cachedCtors[SuperId] = Sub
    return Sub
  }
}

function initProps (Comp) {
  const props = Comp.options.props
  for (const key in props) {
    proxy(Comp.prototype, `_props`, key)
  }
}

function initComputed (Comp) {
  const computed = Comp.options.computed
  for (const key in computed) {
    defineComputed(Comp.prototype, key, computed[key])
  }
}

资源注册 (Vue.component, Vue.directive, Vue.filter)

Vue提供了统一的资源注册机制：

// src/core/global-api/assets.js
export function initAssetRegisters (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  /**
   * Create asset registration methods.
   */
  ASSET_TYPES.forEach(type => {
    Vue[type] = (id: string, definition: Function | Object) => {
      if (!definition) {
        return this.options[type + 's'][id]
      } else {
        /* istanbul ignore if */
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && type === 'component') {
          validateComponentName(id)
        }
        if (type === 'component' && isPlainObject(definition)) {
          definition.name = definition.name || id
          definition = this.options._base.extend(definition)
        }
        if (type === 'directive' && typeof definition === 'function') {
          definition = { bind: definition, update: definition }
        }
        this.options[type + 's'][id] = definition
        return definition
      }
    }
  })
}

// ASSET_TYPES 定义
export const ASSET_TYPES = [
  'component',
  'directive',
  'filter'
]

响应式数据操作 (Vue.set, Vue.delete)

Vue.set 和 Vue.delete 是全局版本的响应式数据操作方法：

// src/core/global-api/set.js
import { set } from '../observer/index'

export function initSet (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  Vue.set = set
}

// src/core/observer/index.js
import { set as _set, del as _del } from '../observer/array'

export function set (target: Array<any> | Object, key: any, val: any): any {
  // 处理数组索引设置
  if (Array.isArray(target) && isValidArrayIndex(key)) {
    target.length = Math.max(target.length, key)
    target.splice(key, 1, val)
    return val
  }
  // 处理对象属性设置
  if (key in target && !(key in Object.prototype)) {
    target[key] = val
    return val
  }
  const ob = (target: any).__ob__
  // 不能向Vue实例或Vue根数据对象添加属性
  if (target._isVue || (ob && ob.vmCount)) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'Avoid adding reactive properties to a Vue instance or its root $data ' +
      'at runtime - declare it upfront in the data option.'
    )
    return val
  }
  if (!ob) {
    target[key] = val
    return val
  }
  defineReactive(ob.value, key, val)
  // 触发依赖更新
  ob.dep.notify()
  return val
}

// src/core/global-api/delete.js
import { del } from '../observer/index'

export function initDelete (Vue: GlobalAPI) {
  Vue.delete = del
}

// src/core/observer/index.js
export function del (target: Array<any> | Object, key: any) {
  // 处理数组
  if (Array.isArray(target) && isValidArrayIndex(key)) {
    target.splice(key, 1)
    return
  }
  const ob = (target: any).__ob__
  // 不能删除Vue实例或Vue根数据对象的属性
  if (target._isVue || (ob && ob.vmCount)) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'Avoid deleting properties on a Vue instance or its root $data ' +
      '- just set it to null.'
    )
    return
  }
  if (!hasOwn(target, key)) {
    return
  }
  delete target[key]
  if (!ob) {
    return
  }
  // 触发依赖更新
  ob.dep.notify()
}

异步更新队列 (Vue.nextTick)

Vue.nextTick 是异步更新队列的核心实现：

// src/core/util/next-tick.js
import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIOS, isAndroid, isChrome } from './env'

export let isUsingMicroTask = false

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice()
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it's seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true
  })
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Techinically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    timerFunc()
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

模板编译 (Vue.compile)

Vue.compile 用于将模板字符串编译成渲染函数：

// src/entries/web-compiler.js
import { compileToFunctions } from 'web/compiler/index'

// 仅在完整版Vue中可用
Vue.compile = compileToFunctions

总结

Vue2 的全局API为开发者提供了强大的功能扩展能力。通过这些API，我们可以：

1. 注册全局组件、指令和过滤器
2. 使用插件扩展框架功能
3. 通过混入选项影响所有组件
4. 创建组件子类
5. 操作响应式数据
6. 控制异步更新队列

理解这些全局API的实现原理有助于我们更好地利用Vue2的扩展能力，编写更高效的代码。

贡献者: WhileSun

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