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外观

组件系统

约 2423 字大约 8 分钟

2026-02-11

Vue.js 的组件系统是其核心特性之一，允许开发者构建可复用的UI组件。本文将深入探讨Vue2组件系统的实现原理。

组件注册机制

Vue提供了两种组件注册方式：

全局注册

Vue.component('my-component', {
  template: '<div>A custom component!</div>'
})

全局注册的组件可以在任何Vue实例中使用。

局部注册

var Child = {
  template: '<div>A custom component!</div>'
}

new Vue({
  components: {
    'my-component': Child
  }
})

局部注册的组件只能在其父组件中使用。

组件创建流程

当Vue解析到自定义组件标签时，会执行以下流程：

  1. 解析组件选项
  2. 构造组件子类
  3. 实例化组件
  4. 挂载组件

构造组件子类

Vue通过Vue.extend方法构造组件子类：

Vue.extend = function (extendOptions) {
  extendOptions = extendOptions || {}
  const Super = this
  const SuperId = Super.cid
  const cachedCtors = extendOptions._Ctor || (extendOptions._Ctor = {})
  if (cachedCtors[SuperId]) {
    return cachedCtors[SuperId]
  }

  const name = extendOptions.name || Super.options.name
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && name) {
    validateComponentName(name)
  }

  const Sub = function VueComponent (options) {
    this._init(options)
  }
  Sub.prototype = Object.create(Super.prototype)
  Sub.prototype.constructor = Sub
  Sub.cid = cid++
  Sub.options = mergeOptions(
    Super.options,
    extendOptions
  )
  Sub['super'] = Super

  // Allow further extension/mixin/plugin usage
  Sub.extend = Super.extend
  Sub.mixin = Super.mixin
  Sub.use = Super.use

  // create asset registers, so extended classes
  // can have their private assets too.
  ASSET_TYPES.forEach(function (type) {
    Sub[type] = Super[type]
  })
  // enable recursive self-lookup
  if (name) {
    Sub.options.components[name] = Sub
  }

  // keep a reference to the super options at extension time.
  // later at instantiation we can check if Super's options have
  // been updated.
  Sub.superOptions = Super.options
  Sub.extendOptions = extendOptions
  Sub.sealedOptions = extend({}, Sub.options)

  // cache constructor
  cachedCtors[SuperId] = Sub
  return Sub
}

组件实例化

当解析到组件标签时，Vue会调用createComponent函数创建组件：

// src/core/vdom/create-component.js
export function createComponent (
  Ctor: Class<Component> | Function | Object | void,
  data: ?VNodeData,
  context: Component,
  children: ?Array<VNode>,
  tag?: string
): VNode | Array<VNode> | void {
  if (isUndef(Ctor)) {
    return
  }

  const baseCtor = context.$options._base

  // plain options object: turn it into a constructor
  if (isObject(Ctor)) {
    Ctor = baseCtor.extend(Ctor)
  }

  // if at this stage it's not a constructor or an async component factory,
  // reject.
  if (typeof Ctor !== 'function') {
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      warn(`Invalid Component definition: ${String(Ctor)}`, context)
    }
    return
  }

  // async component
  let asyncFactory
  if (isUndef(Ctor.cid)) {
    // async component
    asyncFactory = Ctor
    Ctor = resolveAsyncComponent(asyncFactory, baseCtor)
    if (Ctor === undefined) {
      // return a placeholder node for async component, which is rendered
      // as a comment node but preserves all the raw information for the node.
      // the information will be used for async server-rendering and hydration.
      return createAsyncPlaceholder(
        asyncFactory,
        data,
        context,
        children,
        tag
      )
    }
  }

  data = data || {}

  // resolve constructor options in case global mixins are applied after
  // component constructor creation
  resolveConstructorOptions(Ctor)

  // transform component v-model data into props & events
  if (isDef(data.model)) {
    transformModel(Ctor.options, data)
  }

  // extract props
  const propsData = extractPropsFromVNodeData(data, Ctor, tag)

  // functional component
  if (isTrue(Ctor.options.functional)) {
    return createFunctionalComponent(Ctor, propsData, data, context, children)
  }

  // extract listeners, since these needs to be treated as
  // child component listeners instead of DOM listeners
  const listeners = data.on
  // replace with listeners with .native modifier
  // so it gets processed during parent component patch.
  data.on = data.nativeOn

  if (isTrue(Ctor.options.abstract)) {
    // abstract components do not keep anything
    // other than props & listeners & slot

    // work around flow
    const slot = data.slot
    data = {}
    if (slot) {
      data.slot = slot
    }
  }

  // install component management hooks onto the placeholder node
  installComponentHooks(data)

  // return a placeholder vnode
  const name = Ctor.options.name || tag
  const vnode = new VNode(
    `vue-component-${Ctor.cid}${name ? `-${name}` : ''}`,
    data, undefined, undefined, undefined, context,
    { Ctor, propsData, listeners, tag, children },
    asyncFactory
  )

  // Weex specific: invoke recycle-list optimized @render function for
  // extracting cell-slot template.
  // https://github.com/Hanks10100/weex-native-directive/tree/master/component
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (__WEEX__ && isRecyclableComponent(vnode)) {
    return renderRecyclableComponentTemplate(vnode)
  }

  return vnode
}

组件钩子安装

组件创建时会安装特殊的组件管理钩子：

// Weex-specific
function installComponentHooks (data: VNodeData) {
  const hooks = data.hook || (data.hook = {})
  for (let i = 0; i < hooksToMerge.length; i++) {
    const key = hooksToMerge[i]
    const existing = hooks[key]
    const toMerge = componentVNodeHooks[key]
    if (existing !== toMerge && !(existing && existing._merged)) {
      hooks[key] = existing ? mergeHook(toMerge, existing) : toMerge
    }
  }
}

// componentVNodeHooks 包含了组件的特殊钩子
const componentVNodeHooks = {
  init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean {
    if (
      vnode.componentInstance &&
      !vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed &&
      vnode.data.keepAlive
    ) {
      // kept-alive components, treat as a patch
      const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow
      componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode)
    } else {
      const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode(
        vnode,
        activeInstance
      )
      child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating)
    }
  },

  prepatch (oldVnode: MountedComponentVNode, vnode: MountedComponentVNode) {
    const options = vnode.componentOptions
    const child = vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
    updateChildComponent(
      child,
      options.propsData, // updated props
      options.listeners, // updated listeners
      vnode, // new parent vnode
      options.children // new children
    )
  },

  insert (vnode: MountedComponentVNode) {
    const { context, componentInstance } = vnode
    if (!componentInstance._isMounted) {
      componentInstance._isMounted = true
      callHook(componentInstance, 'mounted')
    }
    if (vnode.data.keepAlive) {
      if (context._isMounted) {
        // vue-router#1212
        // During updates, a kept-alive component's child components can
        // change, so directly walking the tree here may call activated hooks
        // on incorrect children. Instead we push them into a queue which will
        // be processed after the whole patch process ended.
        queueActivatedComponent(componentInstance)
      } else {
        activateChildComponent(componentInstance, true /* direct */)
      }
    }
  },

  destroy (vnode: MountedComponentVNode) {
    const { componentInstance } = vnode
    if (!componentInstance._isDestroyed) {
      if (!vnode.data.keepAlive) {
        componentInstance.$destroy()
      } else {
        deactivateChildComponent(componentInstance, true /* direct */)
      }
    }
  }
}

组件通信机制

Vue提供了多种组件通信方式：

Props向下传递

父组件通过props向子组件传递数据。props的初始化过程如下：

// src/core/instance/state.js
function initProps (vm: Component, propsOptions: Object) {
  const propsData = vm.$options.propsData || {}
  const props = vm._props = {}
  // cache prop keys so that future props updates can iterate using Array
  // instead of dynamic object key enumeration.
  const keys = vm.$options._propKeys = []
  const isRoot = !vm.$parent
  // root instance props should be converted
  if (!isRoot) {
    toggleObserving(false)
  }
  for (const key in propsOptions) {
    keys.push(key)
    const value = validateProp(key, propsOptions, propsData, vm)
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      const hyphenatedKey = hyphenate(key)
      if (isReservedAttribute(hyphenatedKey) ||
          config.isReservedAttr(hyphenatedKey)) {
        warn(
          `"${hyphenatedKey}" is a reserved attribute and cannot be used as component prop.`,
          vm
        )
      }
      defineReactive(props, key, value, () => {
        if (!isRoot && !isUpdatingChildComponent) {
          warn(
            `Avoid mutating a prop directly since the value will be ` +
            `overwritten whenever the parent component re-renders. ` +
            `Instead, use a data or computed property based on the prop's ` +
            `value. Prop being mutated: "${key}"`,
            vm
          )
        }
      })
    } else {
      defineReactive(props, key, value)
    }
    // static props are already proxied on the component's prototype
    // during Vue.extend(). We only need to proxy the instance itself here.
    if (!(key in vm)) {
      proxy(vm, `_props`, key)
    }
  }
  toggleObserving(true)
}

Events向上冒泡

子组件通过$emit向父组件发送事件：

// src/core/instance/events.js
export function initEvents (vm: Component) {
  vm._events = Object.create(null)
  vm._hasHookEvent = false
  // init parent attached events
  const listeners = vm.$options._parentListeners
  if (listeners) {
    updateComponentListeners(vm, listeners)
  }
}

export function eventsMixin (Vue: Class<Component>) {
  Vue.prototype.$on = function (event: string | Array<string>, fn: Function): Component {
    const vm: Component = this
    if (Array.isArray(event)) {
      for (let i = 0, l = event.length; i < l; i++) {
        this.$on(event[i], fn)
      }
    } else {
      (vm._events[event] || (vm._events[event] = [])).push(fn)
      // optimize hook:event cost by using a boolean flag marked at registration
      // instead of a hash lookup
      if (hookRE.test(event)) {
        vm._hasHookEvent = true
      }
    }
    return vm
  }

  Vue.prototype.$once = function (event: string, fn: Function): Component {
    const vm: Component = this
    function on () {
      vm.$off(event, on)
      fn.apply(vm, arguments)
    }
    on.fn = fn
    vm.$on(event, on)
    return vm
  }

  Vue.prototype.$off = function (event?: string | Array<string>, fn?: Function): Component {
    const vm: Component = this
    // all
    if (!arguments.length) {
      vm._events = Object.create(null)
      return vm
    }
    // array of events
    if (Array.isArray(event)) {
      for (let i = 0, l = event.length; i < l; i++) {
        this.$off(event[i], fn)
      }
      return vm
    }
    // specific event
    const cbs = vm._events[event]
    if (!cbs) {
      return vm
    }
    if (!fn) {
      vm._events[event] = null
      return vm
    }
    // specific handler
    let cb
    let i = cbs.length
    while (i--) {
      cb = cbs[i]
      if (cb === fn || cb.fn === fn) {
        cbs.splice(i, 1)
        break
      }
    }
    return vm
  }

  Vue.prototype.$emit = function (event: string): Component {
    const vm: Component = this
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      const lowerCaseEvent = event.toLowerCase()
      if (lowerCaseEvent !== event && vm._events[lowerCaseEvent]) {
        tip(
          `Event "${lowerCaseEvent}" is emitted in component ` +
          `${formatComponentName(vm)} but the handler is registered for "${event}". ` +
          `Note that HTML attributes are case-insensitive and you cannot use ` +
          `v-on to listen to camelCase events when using in-DOM templates. ` +
          `You should probably use "${hyphenate(event)}" instead of "${event}".`
        )
      }
    }
    let cbs = vm._events[event]
    if (cbs) {
      cbs = cbs.length > 1 ? toArray(cbs) : cbs
      const args = toArray(arguments, 1)
      const info = `event handler for "${event}"`
      for (let i = 0, l = cbs.length; i < l; i++) {
        invokeWithErrorHandling(cbs[i], vm, args, vm, info)
      }
    }
    return vm
  }
}

$refs直接访问

通过ref属性可以直接访问子组件实例：

// src/core/vdom/modules/ref.js
export default {
  create (_: any, vnode: VNodeWithData) {
    registerRef(vnode)
  },
  update (oldVnode: VNodeWithData, vnode: VNodeWithData) {
    if (oldVnode.data.ref !== vnode.data.ref) {
      registerRef(oldVnode, true)
      registerRef(vnode)
    }
  },
  destroy (vnode: VNodeWithData) {
    registerRef(vnode, true)
  }
}

export function registerRef (vnode: VNodeWithData, isRemoval: ?boolean) {
  const key = vnode.data.ref
  if (!isDef(key)) return

  const vm = vnode.context
  const ref = vnode.componentInstance || vnode.elm
  const refs = vm.$refs
  if (isRemoval) {
    if (Array.isArray(refs[key])) {
      remove(refs[key], ref)
    } else if (refs[key] === ref) {
      refs[key] = undefined
    }
  } else {
    if (vnode.data.refInFor) {
      if (!Array.isArray(refs[key])) {
        refs[key] = [ref]
      } else if (refs[key].indexOf(ref) < 0) {
        // $flow-disable-line
        refs[key].push(ref)
      }
    } else {
      refs[key] = ref
    }
  }
}

插槽机制

Vue的插槽（slot）机制允许父组件向子组件传递内容：

插槽编译

在编译阶段，Vue会处理插槽相关的代码：

// src/core/instance/render-helpers/resolve-slots.js
export function resolveSlots (
  children: ?Array<VNode>,
  context: ?Component
): { [key: string]: Array<VNode> } {
  if (!children || !children.length) {
    return {}
  }
  const slots = {}
  for (let i = 0, l = children.length; i < l; i++) {
    const child = children[i]
    const data = child.data
    // remove slot attribute if the node is resolved as a Vue slot node
    if (data && data.attrs && data.attrs.slot) {
      delete data.attrs.slot
    }
    // named slots should only be respected if this is the root node
    if ((child.context === context || child.fnContext === context) &&
      data && data.slot != null
    ) {
      const name = data.slot
      const slot = (slots[name] || (slots[name] = []))
      if (child.tag === 'template') {
        slot.push.apply(slot, child.children || [])
      } else {
        slot.push(child)
      }
    } else {
      (slots.default || (slots.default = [])).push(child)
    }
  }
  // ignore slots that contains only whitespace
  for (const name in slots) {
    if (slots[name].every(isWhitespace)) {
      delete slots[name]
    }
  }
  return slots
}

function isWhitespace (node: VNode): boolean {
  return (node.isComment && !node.asyncFactory) || node.text === ' '
}

插槽渲染

在渲染阶段，Vue会根据插槽内容进行渲染：

// src/core/instance/render-helpers/render-slot.js
export function renderSlot (
  name: string,
  fallback: ?Array<VNode>,
  props: ?Object,
  bindObject: ?Object
): ?Array<VNode> {
  const scopedSlotFn = this.$scopedSlots[name]
  let nodes
  if (scopedSlotFn) { // scoped slot
    props = props || {}
    if (bindObject) {
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !isObject(bindObject)) {
        warn(
          'slot v-bind without argument expects an Object',
          this
        )
      }
      props = extend(extend({}, bindObject), props)
    }
    nodes = scopedSlotFn(props) || fallback
  } else {
    nodes = this.$slots[name] || fallback
  }

  const target = props && props.slot
  if (target) {
    return this.$createElement('template', { slot: target }, nodes)
  } else {
    return nodes
  }
}

异步组件

Vue支持异步组件，可以实现代码分割和懒加载：

// src/core/vdom/helpers/async-component.js
export function createAsyncPlaceholder (
  factory: Function,
  data: ?VNodeData,
  context: Component,
  children: ?Array<VNode>,
  tag: ?string
): VNode {
  const node = createEmptyVNode()
  node.asyncFactory = factory
  node.asyncMeta = { data, context, children, tag }
  return node
}

export function resolveAsyncComponent (
  factory: Function,
  baseCtor: Class<Component>
): Class<Component> | void {
  if (isTrue(factory.error) && isDef(factory.errorComp)) {
    return factory.errorComp
  }

  if (isDef(factory.resolved)) {
    return factory.resolved
  }

  const owner = currentRenderingInstance
  if (owner && isDef(factory.owners) && factory.owners.indexOf(owner) === -1) {
    // already pending
    factory.owners.push(owner)
  }

  if (isTrue(factory.loading) && isDef(factory.loadingComp)) {
    return factory.loadingComp
  }

  if (owner && !isDef(factory.owners)) {
    const owners = factory.owners = [owner]
    let sync = true
    let timerLoading = null
    let timerTimeout = null

    ;(owner: any).$on('hook:destroyed', () => remove(owners, owner))

    const forceRender = (renderCompleted: boolean) => {
      for (let i = 0, l = owners.length; i < l; i++) {
        (owners[i]: any).$forceUpdate()
      }

      if (renderCompleted) {
        owners.length = 0
        if (timerLoading !== null) {
          clearTimeout(timerLoading)
          timerLoading = null
        }
        if (timerTimeout !== null) {
          clearTimeout(timerTimeout)
          timerTimeout = null
        }
      }
    }

    const resolve = once((res: Object | Class<Component>) => {
      // cache resolved
      factory.resolved = ensureCtor(res, baseCtor)
      // invoke callbacks only if this is not a synchronous resolve
      // (async resolves are shimmed as synchronous during SSR)
      if (!sync) {
        forceRender(true)
      } else {
        owners.length = 0
      }
    })

    const reject = once(reason => {
      process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
        `Failed to resolve async component: ${String(factory)}` +
        (reason ? `\nReason: ${reason}` : '')
      )
      if (isDef(factory.errorComp)) {
        factory.error = true
        forceRender(true)
      }
    })

    const res = factory(resolve, reject)

    if (isObject(res)) {
      if (isPromise(res)) {
        // () => Promise
        if (isUndef(factory.resolved)) {
          res.then(resolve, reject)
        }
      } else if (isPromise(res.component)) {
        res.component.then(resolve, reject)
        if (isDef(res.error)) {
          factory.errorComp = ensureCtor(res.error, baseCtor)
        }

        if (isDef(res.loading)) {
          factory.loadingComp = ensureCtor(res.loading, baseCtor)
          if (res.delay === 0) {
            factory.loading = true
          } else {
            timerLoading = setTimeout(() => {
              timerLoading = null
              if (isUndef(factory.resolved) && isUndef(factory.error)) {
                factory.loading = true
                forceRender(false)
              }
            }, res.delay || 200)
          }
        }

        if (isDef(res.timeout)) {
          timerTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
            timerTimeout = null
            if (isUndef(factory.resolved)) {
              reject(
                process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
                  ? `timeout (${res.timeout}ms)`
                  : null
              )
            }
          }, res.timeout)
        }
      }
    }

    sync = false
    // return in case resolved synchronously
    return factory.loading
      ? factory.loadingComp
      : factory.resolved
  }
}

组件实例的生命周期

组件作为一个Vue实例，拥有完整的生命周期：

  1. beforeCreate: 组件实例刚被创建
  2. created: 组件实例创建完成
  3. beforeMount: 组件挂载前
  4. mounted: 组件挂载完成
  5. beforeUpdate: 数据更新前
  6. updated: 数据更新后
  7. beforeDestroy: 组件销毁前
  8. destroyed: 组件销毁后

总结

Vue2的组件系统通过清晰的API设计和强大的功能，使得构建复杂的用户界面变得简单高效。理解组件系统的内部实现有助于我们更好地使用Vue进行开发。